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minimal group paradigm
The minimal group paradigm is a methodology employed in social psychology.〔(Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. ''Scientific American, 223'', 96-102 ) (abstract).〕 Although it may be used for a variety of purposes, it is most well known as a method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. Experiments using this approach have revealed that even arbitrary and virtually meaningless distinctions between groups, such as preferences for certain paintings〔See ("Kandinsky versus Klee experiment" ), Tajfel ''et al.'' (1971).〕 or the color of their shirts,〔Frank, M. G. & Gilovich, T. (1988). The dark side of self and social perception: Black uniforms and aggression in professional sports. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 74-83〕 can trigger a tendency to favor one's own group at the expense of others.〔(Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination ).〕〔(Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination ).〕〔(Tajfel, H. (1974). Social Identity and Intergroup Behavior ).〕
==Methodology==
Although there are some variations, the traditional minimal group study consists of two phases. In the first phase, participants are randomly and anonymously divided into two groups (e.g., "Group A" and "Group B"), ostensibly on the basis of trivial criteria (e.g., preference for paintings or the toss of a coin). Sometimes, these participants are strangers to one another. In the second phase, participants take part in an ostensibly unrelated resource distribution task. During this task, participants distribute a valuable resource (e.g., money or points) between other participants who are only identified by code number and group membership (e.g., "participant number 34 of Group A"). Participants are told that, after the task is finished, they will receive the total amount of the resource that has been allocated to them by the other participants.
The main purpose of the procedures in the minimal group paradigm is to exclude "objective" influences from the situation. In the context of ingroup favoritism, the anonymity of participants' personal identities excludes the influence of interpersonal favoritism. The omission of the self as a recipient in the resource distribution task excludes the influence of direct personal self-interest. The absence of any link between total in-group gain and individual gain excludes the influence of realistic competition.〔Sherif, M. (1967) ''Group conflict and co-operation.'' London: Routledge.〕 Finally, the absence of intergroup status hierarchies, together with the triviality and minimal social content of the groups, excludes the influence of normative or ''consensual discrimination''.〔Rubin, M., & Hewstone, M. (2004). Social identity, system justification, and social dominance: Commentary on Reicher, Jost et al., and Sidanius et al. ''Political Psychology, 25,'' 823-844. 〕 they also show a significant tendency to allocate more money or points to in-group members than to out-group members.〔Brewer, M. B. (1979). Ingroup bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive motivational analysis. --~~~~Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307 324.〕〔Mullen, B., Brown, R., & Smith, C. (1992). Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status: An integration. ''European Journal of Social Psychology, 22,'' 103-122.〕
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